Laser beam machining an overview sciencedirect topics. Electron beam machining ebm is a thermal machining process in which highvelocity electrons concentrated into a narrow beam are used for instantly heating, melting, or vaporizing the material. Multiobjective optimization of laser beam machining process. Electron beam gun provides high velocity electrons over a very small spot size. Nternational sciences and ngineering ol o eptember finite. Here a steam of high speed electrons impinges on the work surface so that the kinetic energy of electrons is transferred to work producing intense heating.
The laser beam machining and abrasive water jet machining methods were compared. Since laser machining processes are generally thermal in nature, varied laser durations. Laser beam machining the lasing process lasing process describes the basic operation of laser, i. Pdf laser beam technology is a standout amongst the most. Laser beam machining lbm is a thermal energy based advanced machining process in which the material is removed by i melting, ii vaporization, and iii chemical degradation chemical bonds are broken which causes the materials to degrade. The process is different from electric discharge, electron beam, laser and plasma arc machining in that the process does not depend on heating of the workpiece to the point of evaporation.
This process is used in many applications, including drilling, cutting, annealing, and welding. Ion beam, focused ion beam, and plasma discharge machining. Laser machining process lmp is one of seven modules of this project. Laser jet machining ljm electron beam machining ebm 4. By this heating, the shear force gets reduced and machin ing process becomes easy. Later in 1960, javan, bennett, and heriott developed the first gas laser that used a mixture of helium and neon.
Introduction laser beam machining lbm is a novel thermal energy based advanced machining process which can be used for machining a wide range of materials. Gas lasers are essentially of three sorts to be specific heliumneon, argon. Laser beam machining lbm, response surface methodology rsm, genetic algorithm ga, optimization. Machine tool machine tool electricaldischarge machining edm. Machining a material removal process in which a sharp cutting tool is used to mechanically cut away material so that the desired part geometry remains most common application.
Introduction the focused ion beam fib microscope has gained widespread use in fundamental materials studies and technological applications over the last several years because it offers both highresolution imaging and flexible micromachining in a single platform. Current research and development in laser beam machining \lbm\. Laser beam machining is a thermal energy based cutting process, which is executed by moving a focused laser beam on the surface of the workpiece with appropriate scanning speed. In this process, a laser beam is focused for melting and vaporizing to. Request pdf ion beam, focused ion beam, and plasma discharge machining nonconventional methods of machining are used for many engineering applications where the traditional processes fail to.
In the neon sign, the extra energy added is first stored in the atoms of neon. Grinding grinding is the most common form of abrasive machining. Traditional machining processes consist of turning, boring, drilling. Laser beam machining is a nontraditional subtractive manufacturing process, a form of. The process of heating by electron beam is used for annealing, welding or metal removal. The values of process parameters are determined to yield the desired product quality and also to maximize the process performances. Pdf ion beam, focused ion beam, and plasma discharge machining. Gas lasers are essentially of three sorts to be specific heliumneon, argon, and co2. However, machining processes inevitably waste material in the form of chips, production rates may be low, and unless carried out properly, the processes can have detrimental effects on the surface properties and performance of parts. Material removal processes machining is the broad term used to describe removal of material from a workpiece includes cutting, abrasive processes grinding, advanced machining processes electrical, chemical, thermal, hydrodynamic, lasers automation began when lathes were introduced in 1700s. Manual or computer directions move the table around the rotating blade to. Laser beam machining laser beam machining is a thermal materialremoval process that utilizes a high energy.
School of industrial engineering, purdue university. The electrode and workpiece are immersed in a dielectric liquid, and a feed mechanism maintains a spark. Machine tool electricaldischarge machining edm britannica. Laser beam is focussed for melting and vaporizing the unwanted material from the parent material. In the model of atom, negatively charged electrons rotate around the positively charged nucleus in. This process uses thermal energy to remove material from metallic or nonmetallic surfaces. The effects of dwell time on focused ion beam machining of. Associated with this process, ion implantation changes the target composition to.
Machining process flow chart is an important document to guide machining, while also ensuring the quality of processing, based on the machining process allows higher productivity and lower cost. Ion beam machining tool machining ultrasonic machining abrasive vibrations jet cutting high pressure jet edm tool chemical machining shield fluid ecm tool. The kinetic energy of the high velocity electrons is converted to heat energy as the electrons strike the work material. Reactive ion etching is an important extension that uses chemical reactivity to enhance the physical sputtering effect. Nontraditional machining the definitive guide machinemfg. The generally used gas lasers are helium neon argon co2 etc. The nature of biasing just after the cathode controls the flow of electrons and the biased grid is. Notes on electron beam machining ebm me mechanical. This report discusses the technology and system application. Laser beam machining, being a noncontact process, does not involve any mechanical cutting forces and tool wear. Generally speaking, these processes include laser drilling, laser cutting, and laser grooving, marking or scribing.
Laser beam machining lbm is one amongst the foremost widely used thermal energy based noncontact kind advance machining method which may be applied for nearly whole vary of materials. This is a different process from electric discharge, electron beam, laser beam and plasma arc machining. Other articles where ion beam machining is discussed. Cannot be used for machining castings or hot rolled steel, since hard outer scale will damage the cutter. Mar 17, 2016 electron beam machining ebm is a thermal process. During ebm process very high velocities can be obtained by using enough voltage of 1,50,000 v can produce velocity of 228,478 kmsec and it is focused on 10 200.
The beam removes atoms from the workpiece by transferring energy and momentum to. A definition and description of ion beam machining has been given as follows. Ionbeam machining or etching is generally a surface finishing process in which the material removal takes place by sputtering of ions. It is a material cutting process that engages an abrasive tool whose cutting elements are grains of abrasive material known as grit. Beam machining ebm and highenergy coherent photons in case of laser.
Due to the precise control of ionic flow density and ionic energy, the machining effect can be precisely controlled to achieve ultraprecision machining at the nanometer. The high frequency of monochromatic light will fall on the surface then heating, melting and vaporizing of the material take place due. Analysis of part drawing and assembly drawing this is the basis of the machining. Nov 05, 2014 laser beam machining used light energy from a laser to remove material by vaporization and ablation energy is concentrated optically laser emits either continuous or pulsed light beam 5 source. Depending on workpiece material and the condition of the tool, unit powerrequirements in machining range between 0.
Depending upon the intensity of heating the workpiece can melt and vaporize. During the machining process, instead of increasing the quality of the cutter materials, softening of the work. There are 10 steps to draw up machining process flow chart. Chemical processes chemical milling chm photochemical milling pcm need for unconventional machining processes extremely hard and brittle materials or difficult to machine material are difficult to machine by traditional machining processes. Nhv corporation has been developing powerful electron beam systems to provide them world wide. In lbm, there are many factors such as beam parameters.
Parametric analysis of cutting parameters for laser beam. In ibm a stream of charged atoms ions of an inert gas, such as argon, is accelerated in a vacuum by high energies and directed toward a solid workpiece. Each process requires a different type of machining medium. Ebm can be used for very precise cutting or boring of a wide variety of metals. Ion beam machining machine tool technology britannica. The ion beam machining is realized by accelerating and focusing the ion stream generated by the ion source to the surface of the workpiece in a vacuum state. Machining is the broad term used to describe removal of material from a workpiece includes cutting, abrasive processes grinding, advanced machining processes electrical, chemical, thermal, hydrodynamic, lasers automation began when lathes were introduced in 1700s now have computer numerical control cnc machines. Laser beam machining is a form of nontraditional machining that can machine almost any known materials. Ion beam machining ibm is an important nonconventional manufacturing technology used in micronanofabrication, using a stream of accelerated ions by electrical means in a vacuum chamber to remove, add, or modify the atoms on the surface of the object. Current research and development in laser beam machining lbm. It is thermal, noncontact process, which does not induce any mechanical stresses in the workpiece. Ion beam machining is generally a surface finishing process in which the material removal takes place by sputtering of ions. Review on laser beam machining process parameter optimization. The process of laser cutting involved many parameters, which can be generally divided into two main categoriesbeam parameters and process parameters 3,5,6.
A pulsating stream of highspeed electrons produced by a generator is focused by electrostatic and electromagnetic fields to concentrate energy on a very small area of work. Conventional machining processes and machine tools moduleiv. Both electron beam and gamma ray are used in the radiation chemistry process, but electron is widely used because handling and operation are easier. Beam machining, process parameters, monitoring, process. This process uses thermal energy to remove material from metallic or nonmetallic sur. Control parameters optimization of laser beam machining using. Otherwise the electrons would interact with the air molecules, thus they would loose their energy and cutting. Edm involves the direction of highfrequency electrical spark discharges from a graphite or soft metal tool, which serves as an electrode, to disintegrate electrically conductive materials such as hardened steel or carbide. Ion beam application, etching, or sputtering, is a technique conceptually similar to sandblasting, but using individual atoms in an ion beam to ablate a target. Beam parameters these are parameters that characterize the properties of the laser beam which include the wavelength, power, intensity and spot. Jan 06, 2015 electron beam machining process electron beam is generated in an electron beam gun. Ion beam machining is an important nonconventional manufacturing technology used in micronanofabrication, using a stream of accelerated ions to remove the atoms on the surface of the object. Laser beam machining lbm is one of the most widely used thermal energy based noncontact type advance machining process which can be applied for almost whole range of materials.
In ion beam machining ibm a stream of charged atoms ions of an inert gas, such as argon ar, is accelerated in a vacuum by high energies and directed towards a solid workpiece. Electron beam machining is required to be carried out in vacuum. Laser beam machining lbm is a non conventional machining manufacturing process, a form of machining, in which a laser is directed towards the work piece for machining. Electron beam machining process electron beam is generated in an electron beam gun. Project work masters in product design engineering. Electron beam machining ebm is a process where highvelocity electrons concentrated into a narrow beam are directed toward the work piece, creating heat and vaporizing the material. Advanced machining processes electrical, chemical, thermal, hydrodynamic, lasers automation began when lathes were introduced in 1700s. Laser beam machining lbm is a standout amongst the most broadly.
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